List of episodes of the series «Passato e Presente»

The Defeat of the Dardanelles

• Episode number: 1
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to the Gallipoli campaign, that took place during World War I.

Nicolaj II, the Last Tsar

• Episode number: 2
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to the life and death of Nicolaj II, the last Tsar of Russia: from his initial attempts at solving the needs of the people, passing through the tragic choice to join WWI, up to his arrest and execution, together with his family, by the Bolsheviks in 1917.

The Trains of the Sun: Italy's Internal Migration in the 1950s

• Episode number: 3
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to the phenomenon of Italy's internal migration, from Southern Italy to the North that took place during 1950s and 1960s, recounting the reasons behind and the effects this phenomenon had on Italian society.

Duce and America

• Episode number: 4
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to the relations between Fascist Italy and the United States: from the initial harmony between the American democracy and the dictatorial regime, passing through the 1936 Italo-Ethiopian War and the approach to Nazi Germany, until 1940 (the date on which Italy enters World War II alongside the Axis).

Charlemagne

• Episode number: 5
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to Charlemagne, historical leader and first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire: from his rise to power to the relations with the Arab and Byzantine world, passing through the creation of what became the core of modern Europe.

Caporetto: Before the Battle

• Episode number: 6
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  First of three episodes dedicated to the centenary of the Battle of Caporetto (1917): an analysis of how Italy and Austria-Hungary approach the clash, from the internal to the military situation on the field, passing through the reconstruction of the 1917 war events.

Battle Name: Lenin

• Episode number: 7
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to Vladimir Ilic Uljanov, better known as Lenin: from his exile in Switzerland and his return home (which took place with the help of Germany), passing through the failure of the first revolutionary attempt in July 1917, until the success of the October Revolution and the first steps of what will become the Soviet Union.

Italian Prisoners of the Allies

• Episode number: 8
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to the vicissitudes of Italian soldiers who were taken prisoner during World War II: the living conditions of prisoners before and after Italy's surrender, the relationship with the Badoglio Government and their difficult return home after the war.

Discord's Final: 1976 Davis Cup in Chile

• Episode number: 9
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to the 1976 Davis Cup final, played in Santiago between Chile and Italy: from the tight debate on whether or not to boycott the final, in protest against the newborn Pinochet regime, to the decision to participate, marked by the Italian victory and by the "protest" of Panatta and Bertolucci's double.

Caporetto: the Battle

• Episode number: 10
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Second of the three episodes dedicated to the centenary of the Battle of Caporetto (1917): a detailed analysis of the clash, resulted in the clamorous defeat of the Italians and in their tragic fall back to the Piave river.

Tucci, Duce's Explorer

• Episode number: 11
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to the figure of Giuseppe Tucci, a scholar of the East, a great connoisseur of languages and civilizations such as Indian, Tibetan or Nepalese, but also an indomitable explorer of regions that were still largely unexplored.

Anne Frank, a Denied Memory

• Episode number: 12
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to the figure of Anne Frank, a young Dutch Jew who went down in history thanks to her diaries, in which she tells her life as a teenager before and during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands.

Trotsky, the Impossible Revolution

• Episode number: 13
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to Lev Davidovic Bronstein, better known as Trotsky: refined intellectual and theoretician of permanent revolution, father of the October Revolution, hated, fought, deported, exiled and then chased all over the world, until a hitman reaches him in Mexico.

Charles VIII in Italy

• Episode number: 14
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to the Charles VIII's 1495 military campaign in Italy: from the conquest of the Kingdom of Naples to the coalition of the major and minor Italian states (helped by Ferdinand II of Aragon and Maximilian I of Habsburg), created for the purpose of defeating the French king.

Martin Luther, the Rebel

• Episode number: 15
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to Martin Luther, "father" of the Protestant Reformation: from his initial studies in Germany to his growing opposition to the practice of indulgences and to the Vatican's practices of the time, culminating in the publication of the 95 theses.

Caporetto's Refugees

• Episode number: 16
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Last of the three episodes dedicated to the centenary of the Battle of Caporetto (1917): an analysis of the massive and disorganized exodus of the Italian population, after the German-Austro-Hungarian occupation of almost all Veneto, and the repercussions on the new war front on the Piave river.

Stalin, the Age of Terror

• Episode number: 17
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili, better known as Stalin, that went down to history as one of the bloodiest dictators of the 20th century: from his youth in the seminary, passing through his rise to power in the years following Lenin's death, his contribution in transforming the USSR into a military and industrial power, the non-aggression pact with Hitler, to the post-war years of terror and gulags.

The Fascist Woman

• Episode number: 18
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to women under Fascism: a status poised between dictatorship's attempt to force them to stay at home and be prolific mothers (discouraging their employment as much as possible) and the regime's drive towards a new "self-consciousness" through Fascist associationism.

Lawrence of Arabia, Prince of the Desert

• Episode number: 19
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to Thomas Edward Lawrence, better known as "Lawrence of Arabia": history and myth of the British colonel, secret agent and principal architect of the Arab revolt against Ottoman domination (for the benefit of the British), who died in a motorcycle accident in May 1935.

Memoirs of Deportation

• Episode number: 20
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to the reconstruction of the deportations of Jews and other prisoners during World War II: the stages through which the memory in Italy of these events was formed, starting from the Nuremberg trial to the publication of the testimonies of the survivors, first among them Primo Levi's memoirs.

Dunkirk: "Operation Dynamo"

• Episode number: 21
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to the so-called "Operation Dynamo", the gigantic evacuation operation of Anglo-French troops from Dunkirk beach in the early months of World War II.

Pitigrilli, Writer and Spy

• Episode number: 22
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to Dino Segre, also known as "Pitigrilli": one of Turin's most read writers who, in 1930s, became a spy for OVRA (the Fascist regime's political police), although he himself often had problems with the regime, that considered him "immoral" and his novels "not very Italian".

The Assembly Line

• Episode number: 23
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to the assembly line, the innovation in the industrial production by Frederick Taylor, at the base of the incredible productivity growth of nowadays "consumer society", but also of the workers' protests against the alienation and the ever-increasing use of machines.

Lyndon B. Johnson

• Episode number: 24
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to Lyndon B. Johnson, 36th President of the United States: from his first political experiences, passing through the election as senator and the vice-presidency under Kennedy, until his unexpected appointment as president, his commitment to civil rights, his management of university protests and his involvement in the Vietnam War.

Nikita Khrushchev

• Episode number: 25
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to Nikita Khrushchev, Secretary of the CPSU and successor of Stalin to the leadership of the USSR: from the denunciation of Stalinism, passing through the suppression of the Hungarian uprising of 1956, up to the Cuban missile crisis, after which it will be ousted and confined to a dacha until his death.

Giorgio La Pira, Politics and Utopia

• Episode number: 26
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to Giorgio La Pira, politician of the Italian Republican Party and historic mayor of Florence: an important and original figure, who strove in the (somewhat utopian) attempt to contribute to overcoming historical conflicts through peaceful means.

Ernest Hemingway

• Episode number: 27
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to Ernest Hemingway, one of the most important writers of the 20th century, who committed suicide at the age of 62. On the front of World War I, of the Spanish Civil War (on the side of the Republicans and against the Francoists) and of World War II, his adventurous life also filters through his very successful novels.

Elizabeth and Philip

• Episode number: 28
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and her prince consort Philip of Edinburgh: from their marriage in 1947, for which Philip renounced the succession to the thrones of Greece and Denmark, to Elisabeth's ascent to the throne in 1952, on the background of the disintegration of the former British Empire and the new role of the United Kingdom after World War II.

The Inquisition and the Cathars' heresy

• Episode number: 29
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to the Cathars and the Inquisition, a special institution created by the Catholic Church to repress and counter the heretical movements that, from 12th century on, spread throughout Europe.

Italian Military Internees: Voices from Captivity

• Episode number: 30
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to the "Italian Military Internees", the Italian soldiers captured by the Germans after September 8, 1943: refusing to continue fighting alongside the Nazi-fascists, they were denied the status of prisoners of war; used in the Axis war industry, abused and unable to receive help from the Red Cross, after the end of the war they were "forgotten" until 1997, when their figure was eventually rehabilitated.

Gaddafi

• Episode number: 31
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to Muammar al-Gaddafi: one of the most discussed and controversial Arab leaders in history, for 42 years in command of Libya, starting with the coup d'état of September 1, 1969 (carried out at just 27 years), and at the center of countless unworkable political designs and military conflicts.

Women During Italy's Economic Boom

• Episode number: 32
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to the new role of women during Italy's "Economic Boom": the effect of economic well-being and mass consumerism on the behaviours and habits of women, but also of new means of communication (television, above all) and newborns beauty contests, which promise occasions of fame and social mobility.

Ippolito Nievo, Between Novels and Garibaldi

• Episode number: 33
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to Ippolito Nievo, Italian writer and patriot.

Pope Luciani

• Episode number: 34
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to Pope John Paul I, who ruled as a Pontiff for only 33 days, enough to enter the hearts of the faithful, above all for his very informal style and his being far from spotlight; paradoxically, however, his sudden death will attract worldwide attention.

September 1943: an Army in Disarray

• Episode number: 35
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to the Italian WWII armistice on September 8, 1943: from the negotiations started after Allied landing in Sicily, through Operation Alaric (the Nazi occupation of the Italian peninsula) and the provisions on how to react to the probable German retaliation after the armistice, which however were never officially given, leaving the Italian commands on their own without orders.

The Suez Canal

• Episode number: 36
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to the Suez Canal, the pharaonic work that connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea: from its construction in the 19th century until 1956, the year in which Egyptian president Nasser decided to nationalize it; this decision is followed by the so-called "Suez crisis", which marked the definitive decline of France and the United Kingdom as World powers and the escalation of the clash between Arab countries and Israel.

The Palazzo D'Accursio Massacre

• Episode number: 37
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to one of the most tragic events of Italy's "red biennium" (1919-1920): the Fascist assault on Palazzo D'Accursio in Bologna on November 21, 1920, where Fascist gangs shot and bombed the crowd, killing 10 and wounding 58; the event marks the irreversible crisis of socialism in Bologna and paves the way for the so-called "black biennium (1921-1922).

The Holy Grail

• Episode number: 38
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to the myth of the Holy Grail, a mythical object endowed with an extraordinary power, and even capable of bestowing immortality to those who possess it: first cited in a Chrétien de Troyes 12th-century poem, the myth had a great success throughout the Middle Ages, but returned more recently to the limelight only with Richard Wagner's Parsifal.

Kennedy vs Nixon

• Episode number: 39
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to the 1960 US Presidential elections televised debates, contested between the Democratic Irish-American candidate John Fitzgerald Kennedy and the incumbent Republican Vice-president (and, to that point, likely to win) Richard Nixon: from the political differences to the novelty of the television debate, that Kennedy will be able to exploit to his full advantage.

Tina Anselmi, a Life For Democracy

• Episode number: 40
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to Tina Anselmi, historical figure of Italy's Christian Democracy: from her early years as a trade unionist, through her efforts as a partisan during World War II and in her party after the war, to her appointment as Italy's first-ever female Minister in 1976.

Cavour's Legacy

• Episode number: 41
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, and to the lesser-known aspects of his figure: from his work behind the scenes of the Italy's Risorgimento to his death by malaria (June 6, 1861), which caused a huge void in the Italian political scene; his project continued however in the following decade, with the conquest of Veneto and Rome.

Giotto and the Discovery of Reality

• Episode number: 42
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to Giotto, one of the most famous and revolutionary artists in the history of art, even if his biography is often incomplete: from the fragments we know of his personal history to the most important testimonies of his work, such as the frescoes in the Basilica of Assisi and the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua.

Khomeini's Iran

• Episode number: 43
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and the 1979 Islamic Revolution: from his opposition to Shah Reza Pahlavi's regime to the success of his Revolution, up to the 1980 hostage crisis and the 1980s war between his country and Saddam Hussein's Iraq.

Tambroni and the Street Demonstrations

• Episode number: 44
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to Ferdinando Tambroni and his troubled, short-lived Government, that lasted only four months in 1960.

Evita Perón

• Episode number: 45
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to Maria Eva Ibarguren, better known as Evita Perón: illegitimate daughter of the Argentine landowner Juan Duarte, she will experience throughout her life indignation in front of diversity of treatment and injustice, becoming one of the most important figures of Argentine politics, together to her husband Juan Domingo Perón.

The Women of Italy's Constituent Assembly

• Episode number: 46
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to the 21 women elected to Italy's 1946 Constituent Assembly, four of whom elected in the so-called "Commission of the 75", charged with writing the republican Constitution: formal equality between men and women is thus sanctioned, the first stage of a long journey towards de facto equality.

The Emigrants and Marcinelle

• Episode number: 47
• Episode duration: 40 min.
• Episode description:
  Episode dedicated to Italian emigration to Belgium: from the agreement of June 23, 1946 (with which Italy and Belgium agree on the transfer of 50,000 Italian miners in Belgium, in exchange for 2,500 tons of coal every 1,000 miners) to the disaster of Marcinelle (August 8, 1956) in which 262 people died.

James of England and the Gunpowder Plot

• Episode number: 48
• Episode duration: 40 min.

When Lenin Sang with Mussolini

• Episode number: 49
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Dino Grandi, the Man Who Defeated Mussolini

• Episode number: 50
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Tunisia: Roots of the Uprising

• Episode number: 51
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Garibaldi and The Thousand

• Episode number: 52
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Italian Constitution: the Togliatti Case

• Episode number: 53
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Italo Balbo, an Inconvenient Fascist

• Episode number: 54
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The Conquest of the West

• Episode number: 55
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Qin Shi Huang, First Emperor of China

• Episode number: 56
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The 1968 Belice Earthquake

• Episode number: 57
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Emperor Hadrian

• Episode number: 58
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The Night of the Long Knives

• Episode number: 59
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The Battle of El Alamein

• Episode number: 60
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Rosie and the American Women at War

• Episode number: 61
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Arduin, King of Italy

• Episode number: 62
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Paul VI and the Rebel Priests of 1968

• Episode number: 63
• Episode duration: 40 min.

1938: the Italian Racial Laws

• Episode number: 64
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Jews Escaping From Nazism

• Episode number: 65
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Eichmann, the Extermination Accountant

• Episode number: 66
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The Battle of Actium

• Episode number: 67
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Gandhi, the Great Soul

• Episode number: 68
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Stasi, GDR's Secret Eye

• Episode number: 69
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Alba de Céspedes, the Voice of Clorinda

• Episode number: 70
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The Montesi Affair, a Political Scandal

• Episode number: 71
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Wilson and the Treaty of Versailles

• Episode number: 72
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Edda Ciano, the Duce's Daughter

• Episode number: 73
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Churchill and His King

• Episode number: 74
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The Julian-Dalmatian Tragedy: From Massacres to Exodus

• Episode number: 75
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Piave River Was Murmuring

• Episode number: 76
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Diderot, Raynal and the Slave Trade

• Episode number: 77
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Nenni and Mussolini

• Episode number: 78
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Sadat, New Egypt's Rais

• Episode number: 79
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Giacomo Lercaro, the Deposed Cardinal

• Episode number: 80
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Masaniello and the Revolt of Naples

• Episode number: 81
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The Merlin Act

• Episode number: 82
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The London Blitz

• Episode number: 83
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Margaret Thatcher, the Iron Lady

• Episode number: 84
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The Ruse of the Trojan Horse

• Episode number: 85
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Saddam Hussein

• Episode number: 86
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The America of Jazz: From New Orleans to the World

• Episode number: 87
• Episode duration: 40 min.

1968: the Battle of Valle Giulia

• Episode number: 88
• Episode duration: 40 min.

D'Annunzio, the Aesthete of Politics

• Episode number: 89
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Silvio Pellico and His Imprisonment

• Episode number: 90
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Gino Bartali, the National Righteous

• Episode number: 91
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Cinecittà, Hollywood on the Tiber River

• Episode number: 92
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Carla Lonzi and Feminism

• Episode number: 93
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Anita Garibaldi, Heroine of the Italian Risorgimento

• Episode number: 94
• Episode duration: 40 min.

1527: the Sack of Rome

• Episode number: 95
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Edward and Wallis, a Forbidden Love

• Episode number: 96
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Pope Paul VI

• Episode number: 97
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Housing in Italy's 1960s

• Episode number: 98
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Aldo Moro: the Negotiation

• Episode number: 99
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The Five Days of Milan

• Episode number: 100
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The Balfour Declaration: the Origins of Israel

• Episode number: 101
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The Trial of Giordano Bruno

• Episode number: 102
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Lenin and the Defeat of Socialism in Italy

• Episode number: 103
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The Orthodox Church

• Episode number: 104
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The Holy Sepulchre

• Episode number: 105
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The Spring Festivals

• Episode number: 106
• Episode duration: 40 min.

1968 in the Eastern Bloc

• Episode number: 107
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Martin Luther King

• Episode number: 108
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The 1979 Iran Hostage Crisis

• Episode number: 109
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Orazio Antinori and Colonial Exploration

• Episode number: 110
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Luigi Giussani, Servant of God

• Episode number: 111
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Workers between 1968 and the "Hot Autumn"

• Episode number: 112
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The Attempted Murder of Togliatti

• Episode number: 113
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The 1948 Italian General Elections

• Episode number: 114
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Roberto Ruffilli, Killed by Red Brigades

• Episode number: 115
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Louis XIV, the Sun King

• Episode number: 116
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Radios of Free Italy

• Episode number: 117
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Pope Benedict XVI

• Episode number: 118
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The Red Scare

• Episode number: 119
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Southern Italy and the Italian Unitary State

• Episode number: 120
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The 1938 Football World Championship

• Episode number: 121
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The Scouts and the Resistance

• Episode number: 122
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The Chernobyl Catastrophe

• Episode number: 123
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The Battle of Stalingrad

• Episode number: 124
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Charles Albert, the Reformer Sovereign

• Episode number: 125
• Episode duration: 40 min.

1968 in Milan

• Episode number: 126
• Episode duration: 40 min.

1938: Hitler in Italy

• Episode number: 127
• Episode duration: 40 min.

France's May 68

• Episode number: 128
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Karl Marx: Revolutionary Thinking

• Episode number: 129
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The Fall of the Western Roman Empire

• Episode number: 130
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Prague Spring and Dubcek's Socialism

• Episode number: 131
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Killing of Aldo Moro: the Day After

• Episode number: 132
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Pearl Harbour, 1941: Attack to America

• Episode number: 133
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Law 180: the Basaglia Revolution

• Episode number: 134
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits

• Episode number: 135
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Giovanni Giolitti: the Statesman

• Episode number: 136
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The Church of John Paul II

• Episode number: 137
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Guglielmo Giannini, the Ordinary Man

• Episode number: 138
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Propaganda During the Great War

• Episode number: 139
• Episode duration: 40 min.

Nero, Emperor of Rome

• Episode number: 140
• Episode duration: 40 min.

194: the Law of Discord

• Episode number: 141
• Episode duration: 40 min.

The 1992 Mafia Bombings

• Episode number: 142
• Episode duration: 40 min.

1918: the Explosion of a Factory

• Episode number: 143
• Episode duration: 40 min.

1848 and the Roman Republic

• Episode number: 144
• Episode duration: 40 min.